These screws were created by first hammering out a head and shank and then cutting the thread using a die called a screw plate. Nails are more effective when they are longer. Even a tiny screw when properly installed will remain permanently fixed. To remove a screw without a screwdriver, one actually has to cut away the surrounding material. Whole families literally worked day and night to file threads and cut slots in the heads of the screws. In England, blacksmiths delivered large quantities of nails formed with heads to families who then cut a slot in the head and laboriously filed the threading by hand.
Not surprisingly, this tedious labor produced poor results-the screws were uneven with shallow threads. The cost of producing screws in this manner was so high that screws were sold individually.
In England, Job and William Wyatt patented a design for a machine that could produce screws automatically. In the eighteenth century, screws evolved again when Antoine Thiout, a French clockmaker, attached a screw drive to a lathe, enabling tool carriages to move semi-automatically. No one quite agrees on the origin of nuts and bolts, though we believe they came after the screw thread. What we do know is that they came into prominence during the Industrial Revolution, and their most notable process innovations have occurred within the last years.
For example, the U. In the early s, the Phillips head screw was invented by Oregon businessman Henry Phillips — Automobile manufacturers now used car assembly lines.
They needed screws that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings. The Phillips head screw was compatible with the automated screwdrivers used in an assembly line. A hexagonal or hex screw head has a hexagonal hole turned by an Allen key.
An Allen key or Allen wrench is a hexagonally shaped turning tool wrench , was first produced by William G.
Allen of the Allen Manufacturing Company in Connecticut; who patented it first debatable. In , the flat-bladed bit for the carpenter's brace was invented, the precursor to the first simple screwdriver.
Handheld screwdrivers first appeared after Myriad types of screws have been invented to perform specific tasks. A variety of tools exists to drive screws into the material to be fixed. The hand tools used to drive slot-headed and cross-headed screws are called screwdrivers. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver. The hand-tool for driving cap screws and other types is called a spanner U.
Nuts are square, round, or hexagonal metal blocks with a screw thread on the inside. Instrument maker Jesse Ramsden invented the first screw-cutting lathe in , which inspired subsequent inventors to create machinery for mass production of the screw.
These machines were able to replicate accurate sizes and the threading necessary to make the screws functional on a large scale. In the early s, different types of screw heads came about. The Robertson screw, which features a square head, was invented in and was favored for its non-slip qualities during installation.
The Model T car used over Robinson screws! In , the Phillips head screw was invented, which was ideal for the now-popular car assembly line.
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