This site shows the top speeds of animals, and how fast they would be going if they were your size ie, what their speed feels like to them. Imagine what it's like for a tiny insect to jump and fly as quickly as they do. They might cover 40 body lengths in a second.
To a six-foot person that's mph. This new meaning is in fact the oldest, taught by Aesop. Lifetime aircraft speed, averaged over flight time plus ground time 14 , 20 — Bejan and B. Sahin constructed the model. Gunes, and J. Charles performed the analysis numerically, and collected the new data for fast airplanes compiled in Supplementary Material. The text was written in multiple iterations by A.
Bejan, B. Sahin, J. Charles and U. The figures were made in multiple iterations by U. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information accompanies this paper at National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Sci Rep.
Published online Aug Bejan , 1 U. Gunes , 1, 3 J. Charles , 2 and B. Sahin 3. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Bejan, Email: ude. Corresponding author. Received Feb 19; Accepted Jul Abstract Here we show how the size of a body affects its maximum average speed of movement through its environment.
Introduction Bigger bodies tend to move faster on land, in water, and in the air. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Cruise The corresponding analysis for the cruising period begins with Eq. Figure 4. The fastest airplanes The quest for speed in human flight has a rich history dominated by the development of military aircraft for attack and reconnaissance Figure 5.
Figure 6. Figure 7. The timeline of the speed and altitude ceiling reached by military aircraft. Why airplanes deviate from flying animals The flying altitude has a predictable effect on the maximum theoretical speed, Eq. Figure 8. Why the fastest fliers are significantly smaller than the fastest swimmers The animal data compiled in Fig. Economies of scale Bigger movers are more efficient movers.
Figure 9. Table 1 Engine evolution in the three of the largest aircraft flying today 14 — Concluding remarks In this paper we relied on physics to show how the body size controls the maximum speed through the environment.
Figure Table 2 Lifetime aircraft speed, averaged over flight time plus ground time 14 , 20 — Electronic supplementary material Supplementary Material 46K, docx. Acknowledgements Prof. Author Contributions A. Notes Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary information accompanies this paper at References 1. Bejan A. Unifying constructal theory for scale effects in running, swimming and flying. A general scaling law reveals why the largest animals are not the fastest.
Bejan, A. Why the bigger live longer and travel farther: animals, vehicles, rivers and the winds. Economies of scale: The physics basis. The evolution of airplanes. The evolution of helicopters. Meier, N. Jet Engine Specification Database. Vogt, W. SAGE Publications, Fighter Planes. Chambers, M. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, Boeing — B Stratofortress. Connors, J. Since no consideration is given to the wind conditions in such a measurement, the results can be misleading.
If no wind were present, the bird would cover the same distance at only 25 MPH, and flying against a head wind would further reduce the speed. Measurements made with airplanes and radar devices have established flight speeds at lower, but possibly more accurate levels. One of the slowest recorded speeds for a bird in flight is the 5 MPH credited to the woodcock. Fastest speeds are recorded for the swifts, falcons, and homing pigeons, depending upon which statistics are accepted.
Two species of swifts, timed over a measured course of two miles in India, covered the distance in thirty-six to forty-two seconds. This places their speeds at to MPH. Since no data are recorded concerning the wind speed or direction at the time of the flight, their true airspeed could have been less. It is reported that on another occasion a flock of swifts overtook and circled a small plane traveling at 68 MPH. It is estimated that these birds were flying at MPH. Other authorities consider the homing pigeon to be the fastest bird because it can maintain a high rate of speed for long distances.
It has been accurately measured at a speed of One homing pigeon averaged 73 MPH over a distance of miles, and several have flown over 90 MPH for distances of at least 80 miles. The peregrine falcon, which preys on other birds, flies at speeds of 65 to 70 MPH, but it has been clocked at diving speeds of to MPH. Most ducks and geese can fly at a speed ranging from 60 to 70 MPH; however, their usual flying speed is much slower.
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